A Theory that Unifies Forces in the Atom around Spacetime Curvature in Atomic Nuclei

Abstract

This paper presents a novel theory that unifies gravity, the strong force, and mass within the framework of curved spacetime at the atomic level. By reinterpreting the nature of forces and mass in terms of spacetime geometry, we propose a simplified model that offers consistent explanations for various physical phenomena, including inertia, relativistic effects, and the origin of mass.

1. Introduction

Our current understanding of physics is divided between the macroscopic world governed by general relativity and the microscopic realm of quantum mechanics. This paper proposes a unified approach by extending the concept of curved spacetime to the subatomic level, potentially bridging the gap between these two fundamental theories.

2. The Origin of Gravity and Spacetime Curvature

2.1 Tracing Gravity to Its Source

We begin by examining the gravitational effects as we approach an atomic nucleus. As we move closer, we observe that the curvature of spacetime increases rapidly, following an inverse cube root relationship. This observation leads us to consider the atomic nucleus as the primary source of gravity and spacetime curvature.

The above graph has a log scale of the amount of curve on the left.  The curve is going to 10^176 m^-2 at 10^-80m radius on the left and is just 10^-13 m^-2 at the first electron shell orbital.  For comparison the spacetime curvature at the altitude of the ISS is approximately 1.876 * 10^-7 m^-2

2.2 The Concentration of Mass

The vast majority of an atom's mass is concentrated in its nucleus.  And going further to the nucleons that are contained inside this space, the protons, and neutrons.  This coincidence of mass location and extreme spacetime curvature suggests a fundamental connection between mass and the geometry of spacetime at the subatomic level.

3. Reinterpreting the Strong Force

3.1 Convergence of Phenomena in the Nucleus

As we delve deeper into the atomic nucleus to each proton and neutron, we observe a remarkable convergence of several physical phenomena:

1. Extreme spacetime curvature
2. The presence of most of the atom's mass
3. The domain of the strong force
4. The source of gravitational effects

This convergence suggests a fundamental connection between these phenomena, challenging our traditional view of them as separate entities.

3.2 The Unique Nature of the Strong Force

Unlike other fundamental forces, the strong force exhibits peculiar characteristics:

1. Short range: It operates only within the confines of the atomic nucleus.
2. Lack of force carrier: Unlike electromagnetism with photons, the strong force doesn't have a long-range force carrier.
3. Confinement: Quarks bound by the strong force cannot be isolated, a property known as confinement.

These properties distinguish the strong force from our classical understanding of forces, hinting at a more fundamental underlying mechanism.

3.3 Energy and Spacetime Curvature

We know from general relativity that energy curves spacetime. Within the atomic nucleus, we observe:

1. Extremely high energy densities
2. Correspondingly extreme spacetime curvature

As we add energy to the system, such as by accelerating a particle, we see:

1. An increase in the particle's mass (relativistic mass)
2. An increase in the local spacetime curvature

This correlation between energy, mass, and spacetime curvature within the nucleons is crucial to our reinterpretation of the strong force.

3.4 The Strong Force as Extreme Spacetime Curvature

Given these observations, we propose that what we traditionally call the "strong force" is actually a manifestation of extreme spacetime curvature at the subatomic scale. This reinterpretation is supported by several factors:

1. Localization: Both the strong force and extreme spacetime curvature are localized within the nucleus.
2. Energy-curvature relationship: The high energies associated with strong force interactions correspond to extreme spacetime curvature.
3. Confinement: The inability of quarks to escape confinement can be understood as a consequence of the extreme spacetime curvature, similar to the event horizon of a black hole.
4. Unification: This interpretation naturally unifies the strong force with gravity, as both become aspects of spacetime geometry.

3.5 Binding Energy and Spacetime Curvature

The binding energy of nucleons, traditionally attributed to the strong force, can be reinterpreted in terms of spacetime curvature:

1. E = mc²: The equivalence of mass and energy suggests that binding energy contributes to the mass of the nucleus.
2. Mass-curvature relationship: This mass, in turn, is associated with spacetime curvature.
3. Feedback loop: The curvature itself then contributes to the binding of the nucleons, creating a self-reinforcing system.

3.6 Quantum Chromodynamics in Curved Spacetime

While our model reinterprets the strong force, it doesn't negate the insights of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Instead, it suggests that QCD can be understood as a description of particle interactions in and with extremely curved spacetime:

1. Color charge: Could be reinterpreted as a property related to how particles interact with highly curved spacetime.
2. Gluons: Might represent fluctuations or perturbations in the local spacetime curvature.
3. Asymptotic freedom: The strengthening of the strong force at high energies could correspond to a growing curve of spacetime as particles approach extreme energies.

3.7 Unifying Gravity and the Strong Force

By reinterpreting the strong force as an aspect of extreme spacetime curvature, we achieve a natural unification with gravity:

1. Single phenomenon: Both gravity and the strong force become manifestations of spacetime curvature at different scales. We already know that gravity is curved space by the theory of relativity. 
2. Explanation of appearance of locality in the nucleus and the weakness of gravity at human scales and above.   Curved space time drops off with the inverse of the radius cubed.  This would give the appearance of locality and a very strong force in the nucleus that rapidly drops off by the time it reaches the first electron shell of every atom.  Although it is strong enough to possibly have an effect that increases electron capture by the nucleus in the largest atoms, possibly creating 
3. Simplification: This unification eliminates the need for separate force carriers for gravity and the strong force, simplifying our understanding of fundamental interactions.

3.8 Implications and Predictions

This reinterpretation of the strong force has several important implications:

1. Quantum gravity: It suggests a path towards reconciling quantum mechanics with gravity by describing both in terms of spacetime geometry.
2. Black hole physics: It hints at deep connections between the physics of atomic nuclei and black holes, both involving extreme spacetime curvature.
3. Particle physics: It predicts that high-energy particle interactions should exhibit effects related to extreme spacetime curvature, potentially observable in future experiments.

By reconceptualizing the strong force as a manifestation of extreme spacetime curvature, we arrive at a more unified and geometrically intuitive understanding of fundamental physics. This perspective not only simplifies our model of subatomic interactions but also opens new avenues for exploring the connections between quantum mechanics and gravity.

4. Mass as an Emergent Property

4.1 Rethinking the Nature of Mass

In light of our unified spacetime curvature model, we propose that mass itself is an emergent property arising from the extreme curvature of spacetime within the nucleus. This perspective shifts our understanding of mass from an intrinsic property of particles to a consequence of spacetime geometry. It can be more properly understood as inertia and the interaction between the curved space in every atom and the curved space around another object like a planet, moon, or star. 

4.2 The Role of the Higgs Mechanism

While our model suggests that most mass emerges from spacetime curvature, we acknowledge the role of the Higgs mechanism in providing the intrinsic mass of fundamental particles like quarks. However, this intrinsic mass plays a secondary role compared to the much more massive inertia arising from spacetime curvature. 

5. Quantum Particles and Worldlines

5.1 Particles as Worldlines

We interpret the energy and motion of quantum particles in terms of worldlines through spacetime. This approach allows us to describe particle behavior geometrically, unifying energy and momentum within a single framework.

5.2 Collective Behavior of Worldlines

The overall behavior of a nucleon (proton or neutron) can be understood as the sum of the worldlines of its constituent quanta. This collective behavior gives rise to the macroscopic properties we observe, including mass, energy, and motion.

6. Explaining Relativistic Effects

6.1 Inertia and Resistance to Acceleration

Our model naturally accounts for inertia and the increasing resistance to acceleration at high speeds described by the theory of relativity. As an object's speed increases, the curvature of its associated spacetime increases, requiring more energy to produce further acceleration.

6.2 Kinetic Energy and Spacetime Curvature

We reinterpret kinetic energy as a manifestation of spacetime curvature. The release or absorption of energy quanta corresponds to changes in the curvature of spacetime associated with a particle or object. At low speeds KE = E = mc^2 approximately. Because the classic formulas assume 3 dimensions, they don't account for the curve of space in the 4th dimension. 

7. Consistency with Established Physics

7.1 Agreement with E=mc²

Our theory is consistent with Einstein's famous equation, E=mc². The equivalence of mass and energy naturally emerges from our model of mass as a consequence of spacetime curvature.

7.2 Explaining the Limitations of Classical Formulas

The theory also accounts for the limitations of classical formulas like KE = ½mv² at high speeds. These limitations arise from the assumption of flat spacetime, which breaks down as velocities approach the speed of light.

8. Conclusion

This unified theory of spacetime curvature at the atomic level offers a simplified yet powerful framework for understanding fundamental physics. By reinterpreting forces, mass, and particle behavior in terms of spacetime geometry, we provide a consistent explanation for a wide range of phenomena. While further development and experimental verification are needed, this theory represents a promising step towards a more unified understanding of the physical universe.