Abstract
We propose a new cosmological model based on a single foundational premise: the Big Bang did not create particles in a static space, but rather created spacetime itself and endowed it with a fundamental, primordial motion against an absolute backdrop. All energy in the universe is a consequence of this motion. This model posits that as the energy density of this moving fabric dropped, the first stable matter to condense was a universal sea of neutrons, naturally ensuring the universe's charge neutrality. As expansion continued, decreasing ambient pressure triggered the decay of these primordial neutrons into hydrogen atoms, a process that simultaneously created stable charge and broke the universe's electrical symmetry, "unleashing" the electromagnetic force as a cosmic player. We argue that the pressure within atomic nuclei is a local recreation of the early universe's conditions, explaining neutron stability. This model predicts the absence of primordial helium, suggesting all such elements are of stellar origin, and implies that the universe is significantly older than the event horizon of the Cosmic Microwave Background.
1. The Genesis of Motion: The Moving Spacetime
The model begins not with a singularity of particles, but with the creation of the spacetime fabric itself. The foundational event of the universe was endowing this fabric with a primordial kinetic energy—setting it in motion against a static, absolute backdrop. This universal motion is the fundamental energy of the cosmos. The vacuum of space is not empty; it is a plenum seething with the energy of its own inherent motion.
In this view, rest energy (E=mc²) is not an abstract equivalence but a cosmological inheritance. A particle's rest mass is the measure of the primordial motional energy of space that has become trapped and localized within its stable, vortex-like structure.
This is frame dragging on a universal scale. Our "c" is the causality of the propagating of the universe against an absolute frame. You can't detect an absolute frame because we are embedded in the moving frame. Your rate of embedding is set by the sum of all m/r in the universe at your location. This is the mechanism for mach's principle.
Your motion inside this moving frame is your relativistic motion and energy inside the frame.
2. The Great Condensation: A Universe of Neutrons
As this energetic, moving spacetime expanded, its energy density dropped. Upon reaching a critical threshold, the energy "precipitated out," condensing directly into the most stable, neutral, and simple hadronic pattern possible: the neutron. This is a phase change of energy forming a stable structure at that energy level. And we see this if we pump enough energy into a neutron you don't break the neutron apart, you get two neutrons.
The primordial universe was therefore a vast, dense, and perfectly charge-neutral sea of neutrons. This is the Neutron Era. This model does not need to assume a coincidence of equal positive and negative charges; it derives charge neutrality as a necessary consequence of its starting point. The universe is neutral because it was born from a neutral parent.
3. The Great Ignition: Hydrogen, Charge, and the Birth of Light
A free neutron is only stable under immense pressure. As the universal expansion continued, the ambient pressure of the Neutron Sea dropped, rendering the free neutrons unstable. They began to decay en masse:
n⁰ → p⁺ + e⁻ + ν̅ₑ
This event, the Great Ignition, was the true symmetry-breaking moment of the cosmos.
The Origin of Hydrogen: This decay is the direct creation of hydrogen atoms. For every neutron that broke, a proton and an electron were born together, guaranteeing the observed one-to-one ratio in the universe.
The Unleashing of Electromagnetism: The initial Neutron Era was a universe dominated by the nuclear forces and gravity. The electromagnetic (EM) force, being a force between charges, was dormant. The decay of neutrons created the universe's first stable positive and negative poles. This act unleashed the EM force, transforming it from a potentiality into the dominant force of interaction, structure, and information transfer. EM is a force within the moving spacetime; it could not exist until charge precipitated out within that space. This is why charge is balanced in the universe because an equal number of electrons and protons were created by neutron decay.
4. Recreating Primordial Pressure: The Stability of Matter
The model provides a physical explanation for neutron stability within matter. The immense pressure inside an atomic nucleus, created by the strong nuclear force, effectively recreates the conditions of the early, dense Neutron Era. Being inside an atom recreates the primordial pressure that prevents the neutron's decay, making atoms stable.
5. Predictions and Departures from the Standard Model
This cosmology leads to direct, falsifiable predictions that starkly contrast with the standard Big Bang model.
Prediction 1: No Primordial Helium. The standard model's Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) requires a precise ratio of protons to neutrons in a hot, dense soup to fuse into helium. In the Neutron-First model, the universe begins with only neutrons. By the time a significant population of protons has formed from decay, the universe has expanded and cooled too much for efficient, widespread fusion. Therefore, all helium and heavier elements are necessarily of stellar origin. The observed helium abundance is not a relic of the Big Bang, but a product of 50+ billions of years of stellar evolution.
Prediction 2: The Universe is Far Older than the CMB. The standard model extrapolates its age of 13.8 billion years from the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). In this model, the CMB marks the era of "Recombination"—when the hot hydrogen plasma from the Great Ignition finally cooled enough for electrons to be captured by protons. This is the moment the universe became transparent, releasing the light we see as the CMB.
However, the Neutron Era happened before this. There was a vast, unknown period of time when the universe was a cooling, expanding sea of neutral matter. The CMB is not a picture of the birth of the universe, but of the birth of the luminous universe. The true age of the cosmos is far greater than the 13.8 billion years we can see, at least 50 billion years for the helium concentration we detect, plus the unknown duration of the "Dark Neutron Era" that preceded it.
This is why we see fully formed mature galaxies near the CMB in Webb deep fields. The rate that hydrogen is turned into helium makes the universe far older than the standard model predicted. They fit their model by saying that the universe started with a specific level of helium, but energies would have ripped apart atoms then.
Does it make sense to talk about an age of the universe when the rate of time of observers is set by the sum of all m/r in the universe? When we know the average r is steadily increasing?
In conclusion, the Cosmology of Primordial Motion replaces the assumptions and coincidences of the standard model with a single, causal chain of events. It provides a physical mechanism for the origin of energy, rest mass, and charge neutrality. It predicts a universe forged first in neutrality, which then decayed into the charged state that allowed for the stars, the galaxies, and the light that we see today.
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