J. Rogers, SE Ohio, 02 Aug 2025, 1658
Abstract: Conventional physics models motion and gravity as distinct phenomena operating within separate reference frames. An object is either in orbit around the Earth or the Sun. This paper proposes a fundamental re-interpretation: all motion is a form of orbit, and all orbits are nested within larger, hierarchically-structured time fields. We argue that an object's velocity and rate of time are not independent properties but co-emergent symptoms of its position within this nested temporal landscape. This reframes acceleration as a transition between dominant time fields and suggests that physical law is the study of equilibrium states within this unified, hierarchical structure.
1. Introduction: The Illusion of the Isolated System
In classical and relativistic mechanics, we analyze physical systems by defining a primary gravitational influence. A satellite orbits the Earth; the Earth orbits the Sun; the Sun orbits the galactic center. This approach, while computationally effective, creates an artificial and misleading picture of reality. It treats each system as a discrete, isolated "potential well," and an object "escapes" one to "enter" another.
This paper challenges that view. We posit that an object is never in just one orbit. Rather, every object simultaneously exists in a cascade of nested orbits, and its observed dynamics are the net result of its position within a hierarchy of what we will define as Time Fields. The central thesis is this: all motion is a form of orbit relative to a layered structure of time.
2. Redefining the Field: From Gravity to Time
The foundation of our model is a re-interpretation of the gravitational field. Following the principles of General Relativity, where gravitational potential dictates the rate of flow of time, we generalize this concept.
A Time Field is a region of the substrate where the rate of time is governed by a local mass distribution. The strength of this field, or the degree of "time dilation," is determined by the fundamental ratio M/r, where M is the central mass and r is the radial distance.
High Time runs slower. The temporal gradient is steep.
Low Time runs faster, approaching a background rate.
In this view, what we call "spacetime curvature" is a geometric projection of these underlying time field gradients.
3. The Hierarchy of Time Fields: A Nested Reality
No object exists in a single, isolated time field. Instead, reality is structured as a hierarchy of nested fields, each embedded within a larger one.
Level 1: The Local Group. The combined mass of the Local Group of galaxies generates a vast, slowly-varying time field. This is the foundational "background" time rate for our entire cosmic neighborhood.
Level 2: The Milky Way. Embedded within the Local Group's field, the supermassive black hole and total mass of our galaxy create a more powerful, rotating time field. The entire galaxy is a vortex in this field, an effect conventionally known as frame-dragging. For everything within the Milky Way, this is the dominant temporal environment.
Level 3: The Solar System. Our Sun, orbiting within the galactic time field, generates its own potent, local time field. The planets, asteroids, and comets do not orbit the Sun in empty space; they trace paths through the Sun's steep time gradient.
Level 4: The Earth. The Earth, in turn, carves its own, smaller time field out of the Sun's. This is the field that governs our daily lives, the Moon's trajectory, and the operation of our satellites.
An astronaut in orbit around the Earth is therefore simultaneously:
In a low-velocity orbit within the Local Group's time field.
In a ~220 km/s orbit within the Milky Way's time field.
In a ~30 km/s orbit within the Sun's time field.
In a ~8 km/s orbit within the Earth's time field.
The astronaut is not in four separate orbits; they are in one complex trajectory whose properties are the sum of these nested influences.
4. Motion and Acceleration as Transitions in the Time Field
This hierarchical model fundamentally redefines motion.
An orbit is not a path in space, but a state of equilibrium within a time field. An object's velocity is a necessary symptom of maintaining its position within the local time gradient. The velocity v² ~ M/r is the kinematic consequence of the temporal reality Δt ~ M/r. They are two projections of the same underlying state.
Acceleration is not a change in velocity, but a change in time experience. When a rocket fires its engines, it is not merely "gaining speed." It is expending energy to change its radial position r within the local time field. This changes its local M/r value, which in turn alters its rate of time and its corresponding orbital velocity.
The concept of "escape velocity" is thus re-framed. To "escape Earth's orbit" does not mean to leave it behind. It means to accelerate to a point where the influence of the Earth's local M/r gradient on your state becomes negligible compared to the influence of the Sun's M/r gradient. You do not enter the Sun's orbit; you simply begin to move in a way that is dominantly governed by the solar time field you were already in.
5. Conclusion: All Is Orbit
The universe, when viewed through this lens, is not a void populated by objects. It is a single, unified substrate—a cosmic time field—structured by a hierarchy of nested mass distributions. Every object, from a subatomic particle to a galactic cluster, is in a perpetual state of orbit within this layered structure.
This perspective dissolves the artificial boundaries between kinematics and gravity, and between local and global reference frames. It suggests that the fundamental pursuit of physics is not to understand forces, but to map the topology of this universal time field and to understand the laws of equilibrium that govern existence within it. All motion is orbit, and every orbit is a reflection of the nested, temporal nature of reality itself.
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